Sports Medicine Center
A knee ligament reconstruction takes about an hour. Everything that decides the result happens over the nine months afterwards, at home.
About This Center
A knee ligament reconstruction takes about an hour.
Everything that decides the result happens over the nine months that follow, and almost none of those months happen in Istanbul. That single fact ought to shape how a sports medicine service treats somebody who has flown in, and in most of this market it does not, because the operation gets sold, the flight home gets booked, and the part that determines whether the athlete plays again is left to a physiotherapist in another country who was never sent the operation note, never told which graft was used, and never given a single criterion for progressing anybody from one phase to the next.
There is a second thing this field would rather not put on a website. Several of the operations most heavily advertised to people with sore knees and sore shoulders have now been tested against placebo surgery, and they lost.
Free consultation
Send the MRI on a disc, and tell us what you are trying to get back to
Describe the moment of injury if there was one, including whether you heard or felt anything, whether the joint swelled within an hour or the next day, and whether you were able to carry on. Send the MRI images on a disc, since the pictures matter more than the report and the report was written by somebody who never examined you. Tell us your sport, your level, your position, and what specifically you can no longer do, because a goalkeeper and a marathon runner with identical scans need different answers. List every treatment already tried with how long each was given, including any injection and what was in it. Say when your season starts, since the calendar changes the plan more often than the pathology does.
The operation is the short part
A systematic review published in 2026 went looking for the relationship between how long supervised rehabilitation continues after knee ligament reconstruction and how the knee actually performs afterwards. It screened nearly 5,600 studies and found nine that answered the question properly, which tells you something about how little attention this end of the process gets compared with graft choice and tunnel position, and the trend across the nine that survived ran firmly in one direction. Longer supervised rehabilitation went with greater knee strength, better performance on hop testing and better scores on what patients said about their own knees, and the authors concluded that the evidence supports supervised rehabilitation of at least six months. Six months is a floor and never a target, and it is longer than most people are told and very much longer than most travel packages contemplate.
So this page is organised around a question the competition does not ask. Which parts of your treatment travel, and which parts have to happen where you live.
This table scrolls sideways on a narrow screen. Swipe or drag to see every column.
| Stage | Where it belongs | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis and the plan | Remote, by video and scan review | Most of a sports diagnosis is history and examination findings you can demonstrate on camera. A surprising number of enquiries end here with advice and no flight. |
| Prehabilitation | At home, before you come | A knee that is swollen, stiff and weak on the day of surgery recovers worse. Full extension and a quiet joint before the operation are worth several weeks afterwards, and this is unglamorous work nobody sells. |
| The operation | Istanbul | The one genuinely portable part. It takes an hour or two. The technical decisions are made here. |
| The first fortnight | Istanbul, then home | Wound checks, swelling control, restoring full extension and switching the quadriceps back on. Flying too early raises clot risk, which is why the stay is set by the aeroplane and not the incision. |
| Months two to nine | Entirely at home | Strength, control, running, cutting and jumping, done two or three times a week with somebody watching. This is the treatment. It cannot be posted, and it is where results are won and lost. |
| Clearance testing | Either, and remotely reviewed | Strength and hop measurements can be taken by your own physiotherapist and sent to us. What matters is that somebody applies a criterion instead of a date on a calendar. |
Read down that table and the honest conclusion follows. If you cannot name the physiotherapist who will run months two to nine before you book the flight, the flight is premature, and we will say so at the first video call instead of at the discharge desk.
What the scan sees, and what hurts
An MRI reports tissue. It reports no pain at all, and tissue and pain overlap far less than the wording of a radiology report implies to the person holding it.
Scan a hundred people over forty who have never had a sore knee and meniscal changes turn up in a large share of them, none of which caused anybody a single symptom. Scan the shoulders of pain-free people in their fifties and rotator cuff tears turn up regularly, and scan the backs of asymptomatic adults and disc bulges are so common that they are better understood as a feature of ageing than as a finding worth reporting. None of that makes imaging useless. It means a scan is evidence about tissue, evidence that has to be argued into a diagnosis alongside the story and the examination, and a report handed to a patient without that argument is how a fifty-year-old with a stiff painful shoulder ends up on an operating list for a tear that was there before the pain started.
From that follows a rule, applied to every scan sent in. The images come first, the report second, and neither is read before somebody has asked what happened and looked at the limb. Where the story and the pictures disagree, the story usually wins, and the discipline of holding to that in front of an anxious patient holding a frightening report is most of what separates a considered opinion from a booking.
One exception deserves naming, because it runs the other way. In a young athlete with a knee that gave way and swelled within an hour, the scan is confirming something the examination already suspects and the urgency is real. Those are the cases where speed matters and where a delay costs cartilage.
The knee, and the meniscus question
Two entirely different problems get called a meniscal tear. Conflating them is the commonest error in this part of medicine, and it is an error committed by patients reading their own reports and by clinicians who should know the difference.
The first is a young knee that twisted under load, where a piece of meniscus has torn away and is catching, locking or blocking full straightening. That is a mechanical problem. It usually needs an operation, and where the tear sits in the part of the meniscus with a blood supply the right operation is repair and not removal, because a meniscus taken out at twenty-five becomes a knee replacement conversation at fifty. The second is a middle-aged knee with a degenerate meniscus, in which the tear is a feature of the same wear that is producing the pain, and the scan finds it because it was looking. For that second group the evidence has moved decisively, and a 2026 review in the orthopaedic literature summarises where it landed. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for degenerative tears has been contested for years, with the argument muddied by trial participants crossing between treatment arms and by inconsistent definitions of what counts as a degenerative tear in the first place. Taking the aggregated evidence as a whole, the review concludes that a programme of structured exercise is a reasonable first treatment, with arthroscopy reserved for people in whom non-surgical treatment has failed. That is a very different sentence from the one most patients hear, which is that a tear has been found and should come out.
Knee ligaments are their own subject. A torn anterior cruciate ligament does not always need reconstructing, and the decision turns on what the knee is being asked to do, whether it actually gives way once the swelling has gone and the muscles have been rebuilt, and whether other structures went with it. An athlete returning to a sport involving cutting and pivoting usually needs the reconstruction, whereas a recreational runner with a stable knee often does not, and the honest version of that consultation involves a trial of rehabilitation before anybody signs a consent form. Where reconstruction is right, graft choice, the addition of a lateral procedure in high-risk knees, and the treatment of any meniscal tear at the same sitting are all decided on the individual knee in front of us, since none of those three questions has a single answer that holds across every athlete.
Cartilage damage found alongside all this is where marketing gets loudest and evidence gets thinnest. Small lesions in a stable, well-aligned knee do well with the ligament work alone, while large ones in young knees are a specialist conversation with real options and a genuinely uncertain evidence base that should be presented as such. What fails is treating a worn-out joint as though it were a repairable defect. We draw that distinction honestly, and we draw it even when it costs a booking.
The shoulder, and a decade of evidence
Shaving bone from under the acromion to relieve shoulder pain was one of the most frequently performed operations in orthopaedics. Then somebody ran the trial properly.
Ten years, and no difference
Finnish investigators randomised 210 adults aged 35 to 65 with shoulder pain lasting more than three months into three groups. One received arthroscopic subacromial decompression. One received placebo surgery, meaning a real anaesthetic, real incisions and a look inside the joint with nothing removed. One received exercise therapy. Patients and assessors were blinded to which of the two operations had been done. Recruitment began in 2005 and follow-up ran to September 2023, with 87 percent of participants still in the study after ten years. At ten years the difference in pain at rest between real surgery and placebo surgery was 1.5 points on a hundred-point scale, and the difference in pain on arm activity was 3.2 points, against a threshold of 15 points for a difference a patient would notice. There were no significant differences in any secondary outcome or in adverse events. Against exercise therapy the operation also failed to produce a meaningful advantage. The conclusion was that the procedure offered no benefit over placebo surgery or over exercise across a decade.
That is not an argument against shoulder surgery. It is an argument against that operation for that diagnosis, and the distinction matters, because plenty of shoulder problems are surgical. A dislocated shoulder in a young contact athlete has a high chance of dislocating again, so stabilisation is a serious discussion after the first event and not after the fourth, while a traumatic rotator cuff tear in a working-age arm that suddenly lost power is repaired, and repaired early, because tendons retract and muscle turns to fat while people wait. Frozen shoulder needs recognising, and it does not need operating on. Degenerate cuff tears in older shoulders that have hurt for years are a different animal again. They often do better with a loading programme than with a repair carrying a meaningful chance of never healing, and the size of that chance rises with age, with the size of the tear and with how long the tear has been there.
Telling those apart is the skill in a shoulder service. Access to a camera is not.
Tendons answer to load
Painful Achilles tendons, patellar tendons and tennis elbows are not inflamed structures waiting for an anti-inflammatory. The tissue is disorganised, and what reorganises it is graded mechanical loading applied over months. Rest makes it feel better and leaves it weaker, which is why so many people cycle through improvement and relapse for years, treating each relapse as bad luck instead of as the predictable consequence of having removed the only stimulus that was helping.
A randomised trial reported in 2026 illustrates the size of the effect and the honesty of the caveat. Forty-one people with chronic pain in the middle portion of the Achilles were randomised either to a twelve-week progressive resistance programme alone, or to the same programme plus four sessions of focused shockwave therapy, then followed to 26 weeks with ultrasound assessment of the tendon's internal structure. Both groups improved significantly in pain and function. Tendon size on ordinary measurements barely changed, which is a useful reminder that a tendon can hurt less and look the same. The detailed analysis of collagen organisation showed genuine internal remodelling over time, more marked in the group that also had shockwave, suggesting the shockwave accelerates the process the loading is driving. What the trial does not show is any version of this working without the loading.
Twelve weeks. Not two.
An Achilles that ruptures outright is a separate question, and one where the honest answer has become more balanced than either camp likes. A 2026 review of the literature finds that operative and non-operative management produce comparable long-term functional outcomes, while surgical repair carries a lower re-rupture rate and allows earlier return to activity, and that minimally invasive repair techniques are gaining ground because they reduce wound problems. Operating earlier after the injury produces better function than operating late. Across every strategy, early functional rehabilitation, meaning controlled movement and weight-bearing instead of immobilisation in plaster, is safe and effective. So the choice is individual. It depends on age, activity, occupation and how much a re-rupture would cost you, and anybody who tells you there is only one correct answer is describing a preference.
Bone stress, and the underfuelled athlete
Stress fractures are rarely just a training error, and treating them as one is why the same athlete comes back with a second.
Bone breaks down under repeated load and rebuilds between sessions, and the rebuilding requires energy and hormones, so an athlete taking in less fuel than training demands, whether deliberately or without noticing, loses the rebuilding half of that cycle while keeping all of the breaking down. The syndrome has a name, relative energy deficiency in sport, and it reaches well beyond bone into hormones, immunity, mood and performance. It is also common in exactly the populations least likely to be asked about it.
Two findings that change how a stress fracture is worked up
A 2026 study assessed 29 talented youth female footballers from a national talent pathway using the International Olympic Committee's clinical assessment tool, covering history, menstrual status, injury history, bone density scanning and blood markers. Nearly half, 44.8 percent, were classified as carrying mild risk of relative energy deficiency. A history of stress fracture and disordered attitudes to eating were both significantly associated with that risk, at an odds ratio of 21.0, although the confidence interval ran from 1.12 to 395.2 and the sample was small, so the size of that association is far less certain than its presence. Separately, a 2026 study of 213 athletes across 13 sports found that bone density has to be read against the sport. Athletes in low and medium impact sports had significantly lower hip and spine scores than those in high impact sports regardless of their energy deficiency status, and a bone stress injury in the previous two years was associated with roughly threefold adjusted odds of a new one. The authors argued that interpreting an athlete's bone density against general population norms, rather than against their own sport, produces the wrong answer.
What that means in a clinic room is straightforward. A bone stress injury gets a conversation about intake, menstrual status, sleep and training load alongside the imaging, and a dietitian sits in the assessment itself and is not a referral made later once things have gone badly enough to force the issue. A swimmer with an average bone density reading is not necessarily fine, because swimmers should score above average. A previous stress injury moves somebody into a higher-risk group for years, which changes how quickly they are allowed to add load, and that is a judgement nobody can make without knowing the history.
None of this is expensive. It is unglamorous. It is skipped constantly.
How return to play is decided
By measurement. Never by a date on a calendar.
Everything above collapses into one table, and it is the table worth reading before booking a flight.
This table scrolls sideways on a narrow screen. Swipe or drag to see every column.
| Injury | First move | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Knee ligament rupture, pivoting athlete | Reconstruction, then six months minimum of supervised work | The operation restores stability. The rehabilitation restores the athlete, and skipping the second buys a scar. |
| Knee ligament rupture, straight-line runner | Rehabilitation first, surgery if the knee gives way | A stable knee in a sport without cutting often never needs the graft, and that trial is worth running before consenting. |
| Locked or catching meniscal tear, young knee | Surgery, and repair wherever the tissue allows | Mechanical block that will not settle. Repair beats removal here, because removal is a knee replacement conversation decades later. |
| Degenerate meniscal tear, middle-aged knee | Structured exercise first | Aggregated evidence supports exercise as initial treatment, with arthroscopy kept for those in whom it fails. |
| Shoulder pain without a structural lesion | Exercise therapy | Decompression matched placebo surgery and matched exercise across ten years of follow-up. |
| First shoulder dislocation, young contact athlete | Serious discussion about stabilisation now | Recurrence risk is high in this group, and the conversation belongs after the first event. |
| Traumatic rotator cuff tear, arm suddenly weak | Early repair | Tendons retract and muscle turns to fat while people wait, so delay narrows what can be repaired. |
| Achilles or patellar tendon pain | Progressive loading over three months | Rest relieves and weakens. Loading reorganises the tissue over months, and no injection, brace, machine or shockwave on the market has been shown to work without it underneath. |
| Achilles rupture | A genuine choice, made individually | Long-term function is comparable either way. Surgery lowers re-rupture and returns you sooner, and early functional rehabilitation applies to both. |
| Bone stress injury | Load management plus an energy and hormone assessment | A recent stress injury roughly triples the odds of the next one, and fuel is the half of the equation nobody asks about. |
Clearing an athlete at six months after knee ligament surgery because six months had passed is the old habit, and it is what produces the re-rupture on the first competitive turn. What replaces it is a set of gates, each with a number attached, and progression happens when the number is met rather than when the month arrives. Quadriceps strength, measured properly with a dynamometer and never judged by eye. Hamstring strength. A battery of hop tests for distance, for repetition and for control on landing. Quality of movement watched during cutting and deceleration, which is where the mechanism of injury actually lives. And the athlete's own confidence, which is measurable with validated questionnaires and predicts return to sport independently of any of the physical tests.
Two things follow from running the process this way, and both are uncomfortable to sell.
One is that some athletes are not ready at nine months, and telling them so is the entire value of testing. The other is that meeting the criteria requires supervised work over a period the evidence puts at six months minimum, which brings us back to the physiotherapist in your own city. We write the criteria down, we send them to whoever is running your rehabilitation, we review the measurements when they are sent to us, and we will decline to clear somebody whose numbers are not there no matter what the season calendar says.
What we do not offer
Regenerative medicine is the growth market in this speciality and it is sold to athletes harder than anything else on this page, so the position is stated plainly.
Where platelet and bone marrow injections actually stand
A 2026 review searched the major databases for clinical studies of platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate concentrate across the whole spectrum of shoulder disease. Platelet injections have the larger evidence base, with several randomised trials and meta-analyses in rotator cuff tendinopathy and frozen shoulder, but the review describes the results as heterogeneous, the effect sizes as generally modest, and notes that some trials show no advantage over saline or over a steroid injection. Bone marrow concentrate is sparser still, supported mainly as an addition to surgical repair and not as a standalone injection, and the authors state that standalone randomised trials of it in the shoulder are essentially absent. No published trial has ever compared the two directly in a shoulder. The review also records that the 2025 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons rotator cuff guideline does not endorse routine use of platelet injections, and that bone marrow concentrate has not entered shoulder guidelines at all.
So we run no biologics clinic. We offer no stem cell injections for tendon pain or for worn joints. Where a platelet injection has a defensible place in a specific case, it is discussed as an adjunct with the uncertainty stated. Never as a headline treatment, and never as a reason to travel. Anybody being asked to fly somewhere for a course of injections into a joint should ask what randomised evidence supports it in their exact condition, and should notice if the answer arrives as before-and-after photographs.
We also decline surgery for degenerate meniscal tears in people who have not first completed a proper exercise programme, and subacromial decompression for shoulder pain in the absence of a structural problem that operation actually addresses. Neither refusal is a technical limitation. Both follow from the evidence set out above, and both are stated here so that nobody discovers them after buying a ticket.
And we do not treat everything that hurts during sport as a sports injury. A worn-out hip or knee in a keen forty-five-year-old is an arthritis problem and belongs with the joint replacement service, where the honest conversation is about timing and not about cartilage regeneration. Back pain with leg symptoms belongs with the spine service. A limb that hurts at night, at rest, in a young person, with no injury behind it, is investigated as a possible bone tumour before anybody discusses training load, because that is the presentation that gets missed while somebody treats a shin splint for four months.
What a first appointment involves
Movement, mostly. Bring shorts.
The mechanism, in detail
Exactly what the limb was doing at the moment it went wrong, what you heard or felt, how fast it swelled, and whether you carried on. Then the training history, since a great many injuries turn out to be a load error made two weeks earlier and not an accident at all, which is why the sessions before the injury matter as much as the session it happened in. Video of the incident, if anybody filmed it, is worth more than most of the rest of the consultation put together.
Examination of both sides
The uninjured limb is examined first and is the reference for everything that follows, since normal varies enormously between people and a laxity that would alarm you in one athlete is that athlete's own baseline. Then ligament testing, joint line assessment, tendon loading, and a look at how you squat, hop and land, since the way a limb behaves under load tells you things no static test will.
Imaging, read against the examination
Existing scans are reviewed from the images and not from the report. Ultrasound is done in the room for tendons because it lets us load the tissue and watch it work. New MRI is ordered where it will change the decision, and not where it will simply confirm what the examination already established.
Baseline measurements, written down
Range of movement, girth, and strength on a dynamometer where the injury allows it. These numbers are the reference point for every later decision, and taking them at the first visit is what makes the eventual clearance test mean something instead of being a guess dressed as a protocol.
A plan with dates and criteria in it
Written for you and written again for your physiotherapist, with the phases, the gate criteria and the numbers required to pass each one. If surgery is part of it, the operation note and the rehabilitation protocol travel home with you in a form somebody else can act on without telephoning us.
Coming to Istanbul
Assessment alone takes two days and often begins and ends on video without any travel, because a great deal of a sports examination can be demonstrated on camera and a scan disc can be posted. Knee arthroscopy or a shoulder stabilisation means five to seven days here. Ligament reconstruction of the knee means seven to ten days, with the length set by the flight rather than the wound, since long-haul travel in the fortnight after lower limb surgery raises the risk of clots and the early physiotherapy is better supervised than improvised. Complex reconstruction, cartilage work or anything involving both a ligament and a meniscal repair runs longer. That is discussed before booking. Most nationalities enter Turkey visa-free or on an electronic visa completed online in a few minutes, and a letter of invitation is issued where an application needs one. Interpreters cover Turkish, English, Arabic, Russian and German as standard, with other languages arranged in advance. Airport transfer and a hotel close to the hospital are arranged alongside appointments so that consultation, imaging and surgery fall inside one working week, and ground floor or lift access is confirmed in advance for anybody who will be on crutches. A companion is genuinely useful here and not merely welcome, since somebody has to carry things for a fortnight.
Something else is worth stating before you book anything. We ask for the name and contact details of the physiotherapist who will run your rehabilitation at home, and we will write to them before the operation and not after it, so that the plan arrives ahead of the patient. Where no such person exists yet, finding one is part of the preparation and we will help specify what to look for. A reconstruction without a rehabilitation plan attached is an expensive way to acquire a scar. We would rather say so now.
What moves the cost
Sports surgery is quoted by procedure name, and procedure names in this field cover a range of work so wide that two quotations for the same words can describe entirely different operations.
Four things drive the figure inside the operating theatre. What is actually done, since a knee arthroscopy that trims a flap and a knee arthroscopy that repairs a meniscus with six sutures, reconstructs a ligament and adds a lateral procedure share a category and nothing else. How much implant is used, meaning anchors, screws, buttons and fixation devices, which are priced individually and are the reason two apparently identical shoulder repairs differ. Whether tissue is taken from you or from a donor, since graft source changes both the operation and the cost. And how long the theatre is occupied, which for revision surgery and for joints that have been operated on before is considerably longer than it is for a first procedure on a previously untouched joint. Outside theatre the items easiest to leave out of a quotation are worth naming individually, because they are the ones that surface later. Whether new imaging is included or added afterwards. Whether the brace, and there is nearly always a brace, is inside the figure. Whether crutches, clot prevention injections and the medications for the first fortnight are covered. How many physiotherapy sessions in Istanbul are included and whether they are with a therapist who works in sport. Whether the written rehabilitation protocol and the correspondence with your own physiotherapist are part of the service. Whether remote review of your clearance testing months later is included or charged. And whether a second procedure, if the first one fails, is covered by anything at all.
The individual picture moves it as much as the menu. A first-time ligament reconstruction in a fit twenty-year-old with an isolated tear is a straightforward piece of work. A third operation on a knee with a failed previous graft, a deficient meniscus, malalignment and cartilage loss is a staged reconstruction problem that may need more than one operation, and quoting it as a single procedure would be dishonest.
Four questions make quotations comparable. Name the exact procedure including every component. Ask what happens to the figure if more is found once the camera is inside. Ask what the quotation includes after discharge, and for how long. And ask what the revision policy is, since in this speciality that answer separates a surgical service from a shop.
Rehabilitation once you are home
Rehabilitation at home is the section that matters, and it is the one nobody reads before booking.
You go home with three documents rather than one. The operation note, which states exactly what was found, what was done, which graft and which implants were used, so any clinician anywhere can act without guessing. The rehabilitation protocol, written in phases with criteria for progression rather than as a list of dates, because a protocol built on dates will either hold back somebody who is ready or push forward somebody who is not. And a testing sheet listing what has to be measured and when, in a form your physiotherapist can fill in and send back. Video review is scheduled at two weeks, six weeks, three months, six months and nine months for a ligament reconstruction, with more contact if something is not progressing. The commonest reason a knee stalls is nothing surgical at all. It is quadriceps inhibition that was never resolved in the first month, or a rehabilitation programme that plateaued at the exercises somebody was comfortable prescribing, and both are fixable when they are spotted at week six instead of month five.
Two things are worth saying without softening. Progress in the first fortnight is unimpressive by design. The goals are a straight knee, a working quadriceps and a joint that is not swollen, none of which feel like progress to the person doing them and all of which quietly determine everything that happens over the following eight months. And the temptation at month four, when everything feels normal, to resume training before the numbers allow it is the single commonest route to a second injury on the other side of the same story.
Keep the operation note somewhere you can find it in ten years. Athletes move cities, change clubs and change doctors, and the surgeon who eventually has to deal with a graft failure will want to know precisely what was done the first time.
Frequently asked questions
My scan shows a meniscal tear. Does it need an operation?
Will an operation fix my shoulder impingement pain?
How long until I can play again after knee ligament reconstruction?
Do platelet or stem cell injections work?
Should a ruptured Achilles tendon be operated on?
I keep getting stress fractures. What is being missed?
Can I have the surgery in Istanbul and rehabilitate at home?
How long should I plan to stay in Istanbul?
Written by the Biruni Hospital medical editorial team.
Reviewed by Dr Yunus Emre Yavuz, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine.
References
- Kanto K, Back M, Ibounig T, et al. Arthroscopic subacromial decompression versus placebo surgery for subacromial pain syndrome, 10 year follow-up of the FIMPACT randomised, placebo surgery controlled trial. BMJ. 2025;391:e086201.
- Kaadan A, Pietro J, Aaron RK. Arthroscopic meniscectomy for the degenerative meniscus with mild to moderate osteoarthritis, a contemporary analysis. JBJS Reviews. 2026;14(3).
- Suits WH, Ahart NI, Humes ZA. The effect of duration of supervised rehabilitation on outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, a systematic review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2026;21(6):493-505.
- Katolicky J, Nedelka T, Bashford G, et al. Ultrasound-based evaluation of changes in tendon macro- and micromorphology following exercise and shockwave therapy in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy, a randomized clinical trial with 26-week follow-up. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2026.
- Li LT, Shah A, Wilker G, Rice MW, Miskovsky S. Parsing through the data on Achilles tendon rupture management, rehab and sports return criteria, a current literature review. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2026;19(1).
- Stellingwerff T, Tsai MC, McCluskey WTP, et al. Sport-specific impact loading is associated with bone mineral density in athletes, implications for Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport assessment. Sports Medicine. 2026.
- Grygorowicz M, Maksym-Krzesa S, Zakliczynska H, et al. Exploring the presence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport risk factors in talented Polish youth female football players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2026.
- Jung CH, Choi SY, Lee DH. Biologic injection therapy for shoulder disorders, a narrative review comparing platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate concentrate. Medicina. 2026;62(8):1541.
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